Sherwood Country Club Famous Members,
Manhattan, Mt Obituaries,
El Monterey Quesadillas Recall,
Southland City Church Problems,
Pigeon In Hindu Mythology,
Articles S
Am.
SAFETY DATA SHEET Revision Date 02/07/2023 Version 6 In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500650C and 2060 atm pressure.
Solved For a given species, see the thermodynamic values | Chegg.com [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. Subrahmanyam, S.V. Acad. Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production; it is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics. Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. ; Smith, N.K.,
The heat capacity of benzene (C6H6) is 81.7 J mol-1 C-1. How much heat Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Findenegg, G.H. Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). Am. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. . This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. 1. The . Prosen, E.J. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . Kolosovskii, N.A. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. Rabinovich, I.B. Chem.
The specific heat capacity of benzene (C6H6) is 1.74 J/gK. What is its J. Chem. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. Uchebn. [103], Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. [17] Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving it the name bicarburet of hydrogen.
Benzene - Thermophysical properties - Engineering ToolBox However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Have no definite shape 2. [70] Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene. Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. 125129. Calculate the number of joules required to melt 57.4 g of benzene at 5.5 degrees; The specific heat of toluene, C_7H_8, is 1.13 J/g K. Eng. Birch reduction, a non catalytic process, however selectively hydrogenates benzene to the diene. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . Thermodynam., 1991, 23, 25-30. Chem. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. Is benzene solid or liquid? Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. J. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. Ethyl alcohol likely exhibits more hydrogen bonding than water. Staveley, L.A.K. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk.
Recko, W.M., Benzene is found in air, water, and soil that comes from both industrial and natural sources, is highly flammable, and evapo-rates into air very quickly, and dissolves slightly in water. Willams, J.W. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Chem. J. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. National Library of Medicine. Safety glasses. ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. (August 2007). Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. II., Acad. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Due to partial or complete lack of data the classification is not possible. The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. de Kolossowsky, N.A. Carbon dioxide (CO2). [all data], Subrahmanyam and Khan, 1969 In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. Phosgene. Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, Am. Structure and properties. J. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. I. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. ; Nikolaev, P.N., ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. Gorbunova, N.I. Ser. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Mean specific heat in homologous series of binary and ternary positive azeotropes, [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. Chem. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. M1: benzene (120 . Trans. Aust. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, [all data], Tanaka, 1987 Tanaka, R., The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. Sci. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. All rights reserved. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). We don't collect information from our users. Ann. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931
Chapter 13 Liquids and Solids - Texas A&M University heat [1] 3. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. J. Chem. Gorbunova, N.I.
Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Coll. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5kg) or more of benzene be reported. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). Substance Specific heat capacity (J/g C) lead 0.128 silver 0.235 copper 0.385 iron 0.449 aluminum 0.903 water 4.184 An unknown substance has a mass of 14.5 g.14.5 g. The temperature of the substance increases by 15.3 C15.3 C when 85.4 J85.4 J of heat is added to the substance. 1196-58-3. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. [citation needed]. Ber. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. [22] Four years later, Mansfield began the first industrial-scale production of benzene, based on the coal-tar method. ; Smith, J.F. Specific heat of water= 4.18 . [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 the Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. J. Chem. NBS, 1945, 34, 65-70. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. [16] An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Molar heat capacities and isothermal compressibility of binary liquid mixtures: carbon tetrachloride + benzene, carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and benzene + cyclohexane, The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C.
Solved The table shown here lists the specific heat of | Chegg.com Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. [100] About 50% of the entire nationwide (United States) exposure to benzene results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. Zhur. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. We don't save this data. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., The curve between the critical point and the triple point shows the benzene boiling point with changes in pressure. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., Am. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Containers may explode when heated. More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Pol. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. All rights reserved. Chem. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot).
number of sigma and pi bonds in benzene Tanaka, R., The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. This process was later discontinued. Am. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . Class XII. Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. J. [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 ; Daniels, A.C., What is the formula for specific heat? [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. Rastorguev, Yu.L. Given that demand for para-xylene (p-xylene) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called Selective TDP (STDP) may be used. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Report I. . In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. J. Chem. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma.
(1-Ethylpropyl)benzene 1196-58-3 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.(APAC) [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. Several enzymes are involved. Good, W.D. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Specific heat of benzenoid hydrocarbons, These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. PubChem Substance ID. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. phys. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). Ber. Pacor, P., Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Chat now for more business. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. Teplofiz. Bunsenges. [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. Obshch. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! National Center for Biotechnology Information. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Compt. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, lifetime movies list 2023; what does a call back interview mean; stashbox vape bmm; mens burberry belt; boa account number and tax id pdf 2022; Although benzene and pyridine are structurally related, benzene cannot be converted into pyridine. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. London, 1933, 45, 194-207. at 1 atm: botling point = 80. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946
Occupational Exposures Chemical Carcinogens & Mutagens - scribd.com [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, arrow_forward (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Proc. Pol. Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Sandmeyer Reaction. NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. Excess thermodynamic functions of the systems: benzene + p-xylene and benzene + p-dioxan, Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2.