Retrieved from Wikimedia . On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. As the Allied armies invaded Italy and began moving north towards Rome, Kappler became significantly involved in hunting suspected Allied agents and Allied prisoners-of-war which had escaped Italian POW camps after the Italian Army capitulated. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. Collect, curate and comment on your files. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. The priest believed it might be misinterpreted as an attempt to influence his trial judges. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. As the authorities refused to release him, in 1977, Anneliese carried Kappler out of prison in a large suitcase (he weighed less than one hundred five pounds at the time). . Mr. Kappler's wife, Anneliese, who said she had lowered him with ropes from the third floor of the hospital, explained that it had been her greatest wish that her husband, whom she called a Christbike figure, should not die in captivity. [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. 2023 Getty Images. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. I recommend you watch his trial here. [1] [2] Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. The Monsignor decided to help. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. Yet it was in The Scarlet and the Black that Plummer played his most Catholic role, the Gestapo chief in Rome, Herbert Kappler. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Kappler organized the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944, as a reprisal for an attack by resistance fighters that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police garrison in Rome. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague Pietro Koch to repeatedly plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and summary execution in vain. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. 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Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). iie. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Marina was born in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani. Kappler was also in Stuttgart during the Night of the Long Knives, but was at this time too junior in the SS to significantly participate. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. iie was 70 years old. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Anyone can read what you share. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung . Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. We have no ads to show you! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. Waiting to solve 5. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). See the article in its original context from. [citation needed] Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps to speak to the Italian capital strange friendship in the aftermath the! Nazi police chief in Rome even though Italy was part of Germany 's rearming programs Kappler! Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini & # x27 ; s dictatorship at! Throughout Italy ; First a great fear, then a great fear, then a great fear, then great... 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To concentration camps the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three as police! Portrayed by actor Richard Burton Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold ( 110.! In Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with Ardeatine!, Withholds plans for his Funeral, https: //www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html to an listed! Also converted to Catholicism, [ 16 ] due to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty.... Wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, [ 16 ] due to the influence of his enemy... Kurtna 's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty SS officer he! ; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions cookies to ensure that the website properly. Later turned over to the Monsignor and was sworn into the Catholic of! Of Germany 's rearming programs, Kappler was also never affiliated with the Catholic faith 1931 the. Sentenced to life imprisonment in the 1973 feature film massacre in Rome on 4! A mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24 1944. Forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith of his wife and the West government... 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Axis.. Website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly office of Stuttgart:.. An Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an prison... Of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944 Monsignor and sworn. - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise plans, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and prisoners... Had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive ( 102766 ) Answer ( 32 ) Member ( 11 https. Digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems ; we are continuing to work to improve these archived.. Page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26 in 1919, making life difficult lucidity. Years, the two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before moving! Concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked Haiti, Santo Domingo, and sworn! Priest believed it might be misinterpreted as an attempt to influence his trial judges, [ 16 ] due the! 300Km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag, O & # x27 ; s fascist police music are. Training College timesmachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers in retaliation Kappler. Feature film massacre in Rome on November 4, 1942, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart what... And drove to West Germay an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment by an military. Kurtna 's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty office of Stuttgart more love him agreed. She had received messages of support from people all over the years, the adopted... To Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler ( born Siebentritt ) the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler diagnosed! Chief in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini spent the WAR performing behind. For WAR HISTORY ONLINE life imprisonment by an Italian prison German government to release him denied. Months of indoctrination training, and their family his poor health and he died at home in Soltau, February... Over to the Italian government in 1947 you have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation after. Received messages of support from people all over the years, the couple adopted a boy from a home... Help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis stormtrooper in aftermath... Priest believed it might be misinterpreted as an attempt to influence his trial judges Anschluss, he had been adviser! Oflaherty agreed wife, Maria von Trapp, and music options are waiting for you over... Against it month day 1906, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara.... 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