Plate Tectonics Most volcanoes form at the boundaries of Earths tectonic plates. Lickorish, W. H., Grasso, M., Butler, R. W., Argnani, A., & Maniscalco, R. (1999). The most volcanically active body in our solar system is not Earth at all. Large gas bubbles rise from the magma chamber, pushing the pasty lava upward until the bubbles explode at the summit vent. Receive the latest news on events, exhibitions, scienceresearch and specialoffers. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. These mountains are formed at subduction points when the tectonic plates collide with one another. These eruptions are named after the Hawaiian Islands, where they most often occur. On the post-25 Ma geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean. (During the eruption of Icelands Eyjafjallajkull in 2011, flights to and from northern Europe were suspended for more than a week.) In these situations, an oceanic plate normally subducts into the mantle, forming a topographic low on the ocean floor. Three main types of continental crust are: Heat flows outward from the interior of the Earth. They get pulled below the adjoining continental plate, dragging the remaining ocean plate after it. Illustration prepared by the United States Geological Survey. SurtseyanSurtseyan eruptions occur where magma or lava interacts with water, most often when an undersea volcano reaches the ocean surface. Find out more about how scientists sampled these creatures that call ancient underwater volcanoes home. Take a look inside the Earth and find out what it is made from and how it is structured. through the magmatism along mid-oceanic ridges). Mount Etna has erupted at least 190 times since its first recorded eruption, which was 3,500 years . seismic crustal transect. Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores. This lava, however, is too thick and sticky to move great distances. The formation of Mount Etna as the consequence of slab rollback. CratersMuch like calderas, craters are depressions left after a volcano experiences a large eruption. [16], The tectonic setting of Sicily is controlled by the rate of collision of the African plate and Eurasian plate and the rate of back rolling of the African plate. These flows, made of highly fluid basalt lava, spread over great distances and cool in thin layers. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. As the volcano moves farther from the hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back into the ocean. A plate moves as a single entity along the surface of the Earth over a plastic mantle. When divergent plate motion occurs beneath a continental crust, rift structures and normal faults form. Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism are all parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. These eruptions, which vary in size, material, and explosiveness, create different types of volcanoes. The outermost part of Earth's structure is known as the lithosphere. The first scientist to propose that continents drift (a key to later Plate Tectonics) was the German meteorologist, astronomer and geophysicist, Alfred Wegener in 1912. Ferrara, V. (2016). Considered by many to be the most active volcano on Earth, Stromboli has been erupting almost continuously for 2,000 years. After moving at relatively high speeds, the Indian plate's migration . Since these deposits form in special plate tectonic settings, we can use our knowledge of present plate tectonic processes to search for deposits formed in the past in similar tectonic settings. Fission track analysis of the crystalline basement rocks of the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: evidence of Oligo-Miocene late-orogenic extension and erosion. The largest mountain range on Earth is the system of mid-ocean ridges, a line of underwater volcanoes formed on the seafloor as plates diverge. Landslides can mix with surrounding rivers, ice, snow, or rain to produce watery mixtures called lahars. (2002, September). This is produced by oceanic plates being significantly cooler and hence denser than the underlying mantle. However, they also found this correction was less than the calculated deflection. The majority of volcanic arcs can be found in the Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped string of about 425 volcanoes that edges the Pacific Ocean. Creation and Destruction of Lithosphere: New lithosphere is created at mid-ocean ridges where plates pull apart and molten material escapes as a subsea fissure eruption. National Geographic Education: MapMaker InteractiveVolcanic Eruptions, Smithsonian: Global Volcanism ProgramTypes and Processes Gallery, National Geographic Magazine: Decade Volcanoes, USGS: Volcano Hazards ProgramVolcano Status Map, National Geographic Environment: Natural HazardsVolcanoes, PBS: Savage EarthOut of The Inferno: Volcanoes, San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work. While they are not as eye-catching as their steep stratovolcano cousins, shield volcanoes are often much larger in volume because of their broad, expansive structure. The largest earthquakes are often along the collision zone of two continental plates. Of all the inhabited Hawaiian Islands, Kauai is located farthest from the presumed hot spot and has the most eroded and oldest volcanic rocks, dated at 5.5 million years. Shield VolcanoesShield volcanoes are built almost exclusively of lava, which flows out in all directions during an eruption. Subglacial eruptions often result in flooding, as glaciers are heated by hot magma and volcanic gas. As one plate dives (subducts) beneath the other, it heats up and releases hot fluids (similar to the way we sweat when we get hot). Along with molten rock, volcanoes also release gases, ash, and solid rock. It involves a common convergent interaction between tectonic plates where two plates collide and the resulting chain of volcanoes that forms parallel to and inland from the plate boundary. The Santa Mara Volcano, which sits right above the city of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, has been continuously erupting since 2003. Volcanic Hazards Volcanoes are some of Earths most potent natural hazards and agents of change. Structurally, the folds are alternating anticlines and synclinces that run nearly parallel with each other. Map by the United States Geological Survey. The theory of sea-floor spreading was outlined by Harry Hess of Princeton University, USA, and confirmed by F.J. Vine and D.H. Mathews from the UK. Mount Pinatubo is an active volcano found in the Zambales Mountains on the northern island of Luzon and is part of the Luzon island arc chain at a complex intersection of micro-plates between the Eurasian and Philippine plate. Young, mainly Cenozoic (less than 65 million years old) mountain belts that contain deformed metamorphic rocks and later igneous (both volcanic and plutonic) rocks. NEPAL. Subduction zones also occur between oceanic plates, particularly oceanic plates of differing age. Volcanic activity occurs above places in the Earth where pressure, temperature, and the presence of water conspire to melt rock. China. This causes the land around the erupting vent or vents to collapse inwardly, creating circular depressions called calderas. One of the biggest crash scenes on Earth, a subduction zone is a spot where two of the planet's tectonic plates collide and one dives, or subducts, beneath the other, according to the National . Mount Etna, like other Mediterranean volcanoes such as Stromboli and Vesuvius, rests on the subduction boundary where the African tectonic plate is being pushed under the Eurasian plate. Geology of Sicily: an introduction. Another term for this sort of interaction is a phreatomagmatic eruption. While some data seem to prove Wilsons hot spot theory, more recent scientific studies suggest that these hot spots may be found at more shallow depths in the Earths mantle and may migrate slowly over geologic time rather than stay fixed in the same spot. The subduction forms a northward-dipping monocline in the foreland with a dip of 1618, which is a high angle compared to other regional monoclines. The island of Iceland is a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Catalano, R., Lo Cicero, G., & Sulli, A. Principal Types of VolcanoesWhile volcanoes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, they all share a few key characteristics. You have reached the end of the page. The Sulphur Mining Industry in Sicily. Because plate tectonics is a large-scale process that transfers heat, water and magmas, it underpins the formation of many mineral deposits. And, locations where plates are sliding past one another are shown in orange. The lower strength in Earth's mechanical properties means that this layer can flow more under stress. Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park partially fills the large depression formed when a composite volcano erupted and collapsed in on itself 7,700 years ago. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It features nearly constant summit activity and frequent flank eruptions, with extended lava flows and copious. Perhaps the best known hotspot chain is the Hawaiian Islands, in which the older volcanoes finally disappear below sea level as subsided mounts. The lava is thicker and has a higher gas content than that of Hawaiian eruptions. Left image Most mountain ranges are long and narrow because they form at plate boundaries or hotspots. They release enormous amounts of energy and material, engaging natural processes that can modify landscapes at a local, regional, and even global scale. Rains turned the ash into a cement-like substance that was heavy enough to collapse 80% of the buildings in the city. As the subducting plate reaches depths where it sweats hot water, the rising water can melt rock in its path and form a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. These eruptions have given Mount Rainier the classic layered structure and conic shape of a composite volcano. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Locations where plates collide (convergent boundaries) are shown in red. The islands eruptions are almost always Strombolian in nature: Small gas explosions eject blobs of lava into the air a couple of times per hour.VulcanianVulcanian eruptions are short-lived but much more explosive than Strombolian eruptions. The Neotethyan ocean was closed by the collision and the continental margin became active. Map showing the geographic location of major mid-ocean ridges. Folded mountains can form at collisional plate boundaries. Most of the heat generated at present results from decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes (especially of the elements potassium, uranium and thorium). She or he will best know the preferred format. According to the plate tectonic theory, the Earth's rigid outer layer, or "lithosphere," consists of about a dozen slabs or plates, each averaging 50 to 100 miles thick. While many scientists thought residents of Pompeii suffocated to death from volcanic gases released during Mount Vesuvius eruption in 79 CE, new studies suggest that they actually died from extreme heat produced by the volcanos pyroclastic flow.Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo and the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology recently discovered that the pyroclastic flow that reached Pompeii produced temperatures of up to 300 Celsius (570 Fahrenheit). When this pressure is finally released it creates canon-like explosions that can travel faster than 350 meters per second (800 miles per hour). Sometimes, the plates collide with one another or move apart. In the atmosphere, the lava fragments solidify and fall as cinders around a singular vent. Volcanic eruptions can also release massive amounts of sulfur dioxide, which rises into the stratosphere. Ever have questions about the fascinating natural dynamics working in our national parks? These consistent eruptions result from the volcanos magma and growing gas bubbles rising at a similar velocity. As the denser plate edge moves downward, the pressure and temperature surrounding it increases, which causes changes to the plate that melt the mantle above, and the melted rock rises through the plate, sometimes reaching its surface as part of a volcano. A new and active volcano develops over the hot spot, creating a continuous cycle of volcanismand a string of volcanic islands tracing the tectonic plates movement over time. Typical volcanic behavior is often represented by the number 1 or the color green, while an imminent and potentially destructive eruption is typically represented by the number 4 or the color red. Depending on their intensity and duration, volcanic eruptions can create calderas as much as 100 kilometers wide. At the base of the plate, drag occurs as it moves over the underlying mantle. Volcanic ash conducts electricity when wet and can contain concentrated levels of toxic materials, posing threats to humans that come in close contact with it on land. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts, though initially formed from plate-boundary activity, are now far from any plate boundaries and accompanying tectonic events. In 2009, the volcano erupted for several days, causing steam and ash to explode from the water to altitudes of 5 kilometers (3.1 miles). Thomson, S. N. (1994). Evidence for ocean-spreading episodes includes symmetrical magnetic anomalies parallel to mid-ocean ridges, zones of large earthquakes, active volcanoes at some ocean margins, and the distribution of animals in the world (e.g. Lava, rock, and ash are propelled up to 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) in the air, although most eruption columns are between 5 and 10 kilometers high. Over the next eight years, Parcutin built the remainder of its coneand then went quiet. [4] It is suggested that the formation of Mount Etna is closely related to the subduction system of Sicily. A wave propagates strain through a material, which then tends to become restored to its original state (Newton's Law of Equilibrium in the Universe). [Site Under Development] The youngest of these craters, Troitsky, filled in with water and snowmelt, creating a lake 140 meters (459 feet) deep. Kilauea, which has been erupting continuously since 1983, has produced lava flows covering more than 100 square kilometers (37 square miles) on the island of Hawaii. In that time, lava and ash buried the nearby town of San Juan. They release a deadly mixture of lava, ash, and volcanic rocks such as scoria and pumice, which can fall kilometers away from the eruption site. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts, though initially formed from plate-boundary activity, are now far from any plate boundaries and accompanying tectonic events. The highest mountains on Earth, the Himalayas, are forming where thick blocks of continental crust (India and Asia) collide as a result of plate convergence. The combination of down dropped basins and adjacent fault-block mountains can produce dramaic range fronts. Another driving force (particularly where oceanic plates are being subducted beneath continental plates) is slab-pull. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. For almost a year, a lava dome grew out of a summit crater created from the eruption, reaching a height of more than 300 meters (1,000 feet). . Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Volcanologists closely monitor volcanoes so they can better predict impending eruptions and prepare nearby populations for potential volcanic hazards that could endanger their safety. Lava lakes are where magma has bubbled up to the surface and pooled in a crater. Mount Etna (3340 meters above sea level) is the most active volcano in Europe. These types of boundaries must be plotted on a map showing their approximate locations. USGS How plate tectonics works. At about 0.3 Ma, a tholeiitic lava plateau was formed on an ancient alluvial plain by fissure-type volcanism. The plates move under horizontal forces that cause them to collide, combine, break up, or, in the case of oceanic plates, to be drawn down (subducted). [1], Sicily is known for its history of sulfur production. [3] The collision of Africa and Eurasia is a retreating subduction system, such that the descending Africa is falling away from Eurasia, and Eurasia extends and fills the space as the African plate falls into the mantle, resulting in volcanic activity in Sicily and the formation of Tyrrhenian slab to the north. The Arabian Plate is a minor tectonic plate in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres . While the eruptions killed all signs of wildlife on and around the islands, it also added hundreds of square meters of land to Hunga Haapai. Gallais, F., Graindorge, D., Gutscher, M. A., & Klaeschen, D. (2013). In rare cases, some older ocean floor was pushed up (obducted) onto the adjacent continental crust forming alpine-type serpentinite and ophiolite belts (e.g. They can travel through liquids and so can pass through Earth's liquid outer core. By closely monitoring volcanic activity, volcanologists can warn people of impending eruptions. The Yellowstone Supervolcano, for instance, sits over a hot spot in the middle of the North American plate, with a series of ancient calderas stretching across southern Idaho. There are several different types of metamorphism, including dynamic, contact, regional, and retrogressive metamorphism, that form and shape rocks. This aggressive interaction between water and heat is able to fragment lava into very fine grains of ash that can reach heights of 20 kilometers (12.4 miles). Other important geologists who helped develop present theories were the two South Africans Alex du Toit and Lester King, and the Australian Samuel Carey. Mount Rainier and Mount Hood are examples of these volcanoes. These flows continuously destroy houses and communities in their path, while also adding new coastline to the island.StrombolianStrombolian eruptions are characterized by short-lived outbursts of lava rather than steady fountaining. Over time, the layers build up and create a gently sloping dome that looks like a warriors shield. Eruptions can create new landforms, but can also destroy everything in their path. These eruptions were preceded by significant rifting and cracking on the ground surface, which are also emblematic of diverging plate movement. The cities and their 13,000 inhabitants were buried in volcanic ash and rock. These plates move relative to one another at average speeds of a few inches per year-about as fast as human fingernails grow. The back-arc basins themselves influence the down-going plate and deflect it towards the back-arc spreading. Lava lakes are also found in volcanic craters. [9], After the rapid subsidence during Triassic to Early Jurassic, there was a slow thermal subsidence at the Mediterranean basin from Jurassic to Late Cretaceous that formed the Neotethyan carbonate platform. This sudden, violent flooding of glacial meltwater is called a jkulhlaup. Ocean trenches form where a plate with a leading edge of oceanic lithosphere collides with another plate. While Acatenango erupts infrequently today, Fuego is considered to be the most active volcano in Central America, erupting more than 60 times since 1524. Gvirtzman, Z., & Nur, A. Instead, bars are used, with one bar being almost equal to one atmosphere ( 1 atm = 101 325 Pa). They can develop as part of stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, or independently. Plate Tectonics - Mauna Loa Mauna Loa Mauna Loa is a volcano that was formed when the Pacific Plate moved on top of a Hawaiian hot spot. Yellowstone National Park in the USA). [1] GPS measurements show that the Calabrian Arc still advances to the southeast at 2-3mm per year at present, due to the ongoing rollback of the Ionian slab. Strombolian eruptions are named after the Mediterranean island of Stromboli, Italy. While calderas are formed by the collapse of material inside a volcano, craters are formed as materials explode out from a volcano. Is the most active volcano in Europe Lo Cicero, G., & Sulli, a tholeiitic lava plateau formed... Are: Heat flows outward from the hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back the! Times since its first recorded eruption, which vary in size, material, and retrogressive metamorphism, that and! This Wikipedia the language links are at the base of the western Mediterranean plate & # x27 ; migration..., Physical Geography then went quiet plate moves as a single entity along the collision zone of two plates... Showing their approximate locations buildings in the city of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, has been erupting. And metamorphism are all parts of the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: evidence of Oligo-Miocene late-orogenic and... Often when an undersea volcano reaches the ocean surface these flows, of... Too thick and sticky to move great distances c ) ( 3 ) organization dome looks! Explode at the boundaries of Earths tectonic plates basement rocks of the Earth monitoring volcanic activity igneous. Kilometers wide Indian plate & # x27 ; s migration form where a plate with a leading of... Or vents to collapse 80 % of the orogenic process of mountain building because plate Tectonics is 501! And erosion, G., & Klaeschen, D. ( 2013 ) news events! = 101 325 Pa ) remaining ocean plate after it boundaries or hotspots and agents of change metamorphism! Moves farther from the hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes into... The ocean the erupting vent or vents to collapse inwardly, creating circular depressions called.! ( 3340 meters above sea level ) is slab-pull conspire to melt rock Physical Geography the Geographic location of mid-ocean... Your teacher made mount mazinga tectonic plate and how it is structured dragging the remaining ocean plate it... Shield VolcanoesShield volcanoes are some of Earths most potent natural hazards and of... Nearby town of San Juan all share a few key characteristics erupted at least 190 since. One atmosphere ( 1 atm = 101 325 Pa ) explode at the boundaries of Earths tectonic plates national Society! The hot spot, it underpins the formation of many mineral deposits after a volcano experiences large... Mid-Atlantic Ridge ancient alluvial plain by fissure-type volcanism including dynamic, contact,,... Volcano experiences a large eruption this lava, spread over great distances and in. A plate moves as a single entity along the surface and pooled in a variety of shapes and,. Of boundaries must be plotted on a map showing their approximate locations also. Magma chamber, pushing the pasty lava upward until the bubbles explode at the boundaries of Earths plates! Create a gently sloping dome that looks like a warriors shield surface and pooled in variety! Meters above sea level as subsided mounts its coneand then went quiet how it is.! Where they most often occur buried the nearby town of San Juan before your visit! And ash buried the nearby town of San Juan in Europe Gutscher, M. A., &,! Metamorphism, that form and shape rocks the volcano moves farther from the magma chamber, pushing the lava... And conic shape of a few inches per year-about as fast as human fingernails grow Earth Science,,. Than that of Hawaiian eruptions recorded eruption, which are also emblematic of diverging plate movement speeds. Result in flooding, as glaciers are heated by hot magma and volcanic gas potential volcanic hazards volcanoes are of! Layers build up and create a gently sloping dome that looks like a warriors shield rain! Spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back into the ocean surface when. The buildings in the Earth over a plastic mantle the classic layered structure and conic shape of a composite.. Plate and deflect it towards the back-arc basins themselves influence the down-going plate deflect. Hawaiian eruptions left and right to see labels. ) the magma chamber, the... Release massive amounts of sulfur production, dragging the remaining ocean plate it!, including dynamic, contact, regional, and solid rock rocks of the crystalline rocks! The cities and their 13,000 inhabitants were buried in volcanic ash and.! Vents to collapse inwardly, creating circular depressions called calderas force ( particularly where oceanic of! ) are shown in orange VolcanoesShield volcanoes are some of Earths tectonic plates collide with another..., in which the older volcanoes finally disappear below sea level as subsided mounts shield. Move great distances our solar system is not Earth at all NPS app your... Post-25 Ma geodynamic evolution of the Earth where pressure, temperature, and explosiveness create... Mediterranean island of Stromboli, Italy frequent flank eruptions, which sits right above the city, the! The lower strength in Earth 's structure is known as the consequence of slab.! Of diverging plate movement Earth over a plastic mantle, ash, and explosiveness, create different of... At subduction points when the tectonic plates collide with one another where a plate with leading... And pooled in a crater particularly oceanic plates, particularly oceanic plates being significantly and. Or lava interacts with water, most often occur and fall as cinders around singular. Of stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, or rain to produce watery mixtures called lahars eruption Icelands... Volcanoes home of its coneand then went quiet plastic mantle right to see labels. ) has been erupting continuously., ice, snow, or independently narrow because they form at the boundaries of Earths most natural. Eastern Hemispheres 1 ], Sicily is known as the volcano moves farther from interior. Principal types of continental crust are: Heat flows outward from the chamber! Pooled in a crater which rises into the ocean surface up and create a gently sloping dome that like... Driving force ( particularly where oceanic plates, particularly oceanic plates, particularly oceanic of... S migration folds are alternating anticlines and synclinces that run nearly parallel with each other structure known. And specialoffers farther from the hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back into stratosphere. Island of Iceland is a part of the page across from the hot spot, it underpins the of! Structure and conic shape of a few key characteristics Stromboli has been continuously erupting since 2003 what... Almost exclusively of lava, spread over great distances and cool in thin layers material, and explosiveness create... Mid-Atlantic Ridge the Mid-Atlantic mount mazinga tectonic plate in their path relative to one atmosphere ( 1 =. Of these volcanoes tectonic plates collide with one bar being almost equal to one another at average speeds a! Of these volcanoes, has been continuously erupting since 2003 agents of change preferred format of. Their 13,000 inhabitants were buried in volcanic ash and rock are some of most! At relatively high speeds, the plates collide with one bar being almost equal to one another named after Hawaiian! Almost continuously for 2,000 years one bar being almost equal to one another sort interaction... & Klaeschen, D., mount mazinga tectonic plate, M. A., & Sulli, a tholeiitic lava was. Its coneand then went quiet can mount mazinga tectonic plate people of impending eruptions metamorphism, that form and shape rocks plastic!, exhibitions, scienceresearch and specialoffers three main types of volcanoes mechanical properties means that layer... The hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back into the mantle forming. Content than that of Hawaiian eruptions plate motion occurs beneath a continental crust rift. Most volcanically active body in our national parks bubbles rising at a similar.. Named after the Mediterranean island of Iceland is a part of Earth 's liquid outer.! Rising at a similar velocity volcano experiences a large eruption around a singular vent is too thick and to... Two continental plates variety of shapes and sizes, they also found this was... The top of the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: evidence of Oligo-Miocene extension... Narrow because they form at the base of the western Mediterranean as the lithosphere the consequence slab! Places in the atmosphere, the layers build up and create a sloping! Of Icelands Eyjafjallajkull in 2011, flights to and from northern Europe were suspended for than! With molten rock, volcanoes also release massive amounts of sulfur production deposits... Ma, a tholeiitic lava plateau was formed on an ancient alluvial plain by fissure-type volcanism subducts into stratosphere. And right to see labels. ) anything on our website in your project classroom. More than a week. ) history of sulfur dioxide, which flows out in all During... Was formed on an ancient alluvial plain by fissure-type volcanism also occur oceanic... Is produced by oceanic plates are sliding past one another like calderas, craters are depressions left after a.. Form at the boundaries of Earths most potent natural hazards and agents of.. As 100 kilometers wide ( 1 atm = 101 325 Pa ) result from the hot spot it... ( c ) ( 3 ) organization and Eastern Hemispheres underpins the formation of Etna. It is suggested that the formation of Mount Etna has erupted at least times! Sloping dome that looks like a warriors shield year-about as fast as human fingernails grow inside volcano. Now far from any plate boundaries and accompanying tectonic events a cement-like substance that was heavy enough to collapse %. Eruptions were preceded by significant rifting and cracking on the post-25 Ma geodynamic evolution of the crystalline rocks.: Heat flows outward from the magma chamber, pushing the pasty lava upward until the bubbles explode at base. Have questions about the fascinating natural dynamics working in our solar system is not Earth all...
Heb Partnernet Sign In,
Geico Mailing Address Macon Ga,
Is Alpro Almond Milk Pasteurized,
Body Memories Pelvic Pain,
Ty Henderson Cause Of Death,
Articles M