largest immigrant groups by state

55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. How Do Indian Americans View India? Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. 39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. The results are shown in figure 22. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. India tops that list in 21 states. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). Eighty-three percent of foreign-born Indian Americans claim being Indian is either very or somewhat important to their identity, compared to 70 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. The survey instrument contains 157 questions organized across six modules: basic demographics; immigration, citizenship, and family background; presidential campaigns and voting; U.S. politics and foreign policy; culture and social behavior; and Indian politics. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. 2 (2016): 283301. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. . Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). Favorite. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. Send a Message. 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