Tina would be a mother figure to Ikes other two sons as well. [64], After Bonnie, Turner married a woman named Alice in Helena, Arkansas. Nonetheless, in 2017, Tina was able to give her blessings to a high-profile musical depicting her life story, which debuted the following year in London starring Adrienne Warren. [73] A teetotaler at the time, he avoided drugs and insisted all band members also adopt this policy, firing anyone he even suspected of breaking the rules. Ike had a belief that he was going to die . 4 in their list of the 20 best movie "bad guys". [132] Turner's work on the tour led to the recording and release of his Grammy-nominated album Here & Now (2001). [91] The Turners received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe. 212 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time (No. [125], Hip-hop group Salt-N-Pepa sampled Turner's composition "I'm Blue (The Gong Gong Song)", released by the Ikettes in 1961, for their 1993 single "Shoop". [157][158] Prince also said Turner as his first musical influence. [211] Tina gave up her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate. [63][51] That summer Turner recorded with the new vocalist and pianist in his band, Marion Louis Lee, resulting in "My Heart Belongs to You" / "Looking for My Baby". The singer was married to Ike Turner from 1962 until 1978. During his stay, he went clubbing at Ned Love's in East St. Louis, Illinois. [80], In 1957, Ann Bullock accompanied her sister Alline Bullock to watch Turner and the Kings of Rhythm at the Manhattan Club in East St. Blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner's father died in an industrial accident. [26] WROX is noted for being the first radio station in Mississippi to employ a black DJ, Early Wright. [82] Through her sister and Washington, Bullock asked Turner to sing with his band. Turner gained experience performing by supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale. The single peaked at No. In My Love Story, Tina has talked about her deep affection for her long-term partner, Erwin Bach, whom she wed in 2013, and the contours of their relationship, contrasting what she has experienced and learned from her second marriage in contrast to her first. [179] In 2006, Vibe magazine ranked the character of Ike Turner from What's Love Got to Do with It at No. . [128] They performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner Revue. Blues Music Awards.mw-parser-output .awards-table td:last-child{text-align:center}, 19461950: Formation of the Kings of Rhythm, 19511954: Session musician and talent scout. 104 and No. [100], In January 1970, they performed on The Ed Sullivan Show and released their rendition of "Come Together", which reached No. He intended to use the demo as guide track for Art Lassiter who did not attend the scheduled recording session at Technisonic Studios. The act scored their first R&B hit in 1960 with A Fool in Love, reaching No. During this period, the couple formed a band known as 'Ike & Tina Turner' and belted out hits like 'Proud Mary', 'River Deep', etc. [9] 'Rolling Stone editor David Fricke ranked Turner No. On the John Boy and Billy radio show, cast member Jeff Pillars regularly performed an impersonation of Turner in a segment called "Ax/Ask Ike". [197], "I still love Tina as much as I ever loved herI wrote her a letter five years ago. Ike and Tina Turner's Tumultuous Relationship, Photo: Daniel SIMON/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images, Rihanna and 10 Other Great Pregnant Performances, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. He was convicted of, 2015: Inducted into St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 08:14. [91], The Ike & Tina Turner Revue ended abruptly in 1976. Ike Turner states the facts", "Ike Turner That Kat Sure Could Play! Ike Turner Jr. Ike Turner had six children, but Tina only adopted two of his sons. [159], Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief of Mojo magazine, referred to Turner as the "cornerstone of modern day rock 'n' roll" and credited his arrangements of blues standards as being an influence on 1960s British Invasion groups: "He proceeded to influence British rockers from the mid-1960s onwards. Handy Blues Awards in 2002. [102][103] Following the song's success in the UK, Mick Jagger invited them to open for the Rolling Stones on their 1966 British Tour. [196][246] Producer D'Angela Proctor alleged in Turner's Unsung documentary that the two famous people were Elvis Presley and Redd Foxx. The mother of four hid at a friend's house before she began slowly . [191] Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1948. Initially, they played for segregated audiences at the black clubs in Illinois: Manhattan Club in East St. Louis, which Turner and his band built,[74] the Harlem Club in Brookline and the Kingsbury in Madison. Rock 'n' roll came from rhythm and blues: rock 'n' roll ain't nothing but rhythm and blues up-tempo. [2] In the 1950s, Turner's group got regular airplay from live sessions on the radio stations WROX in Clarksdale and KFFA in Helena, Arkansas. Also, I wanted the general public to have a better outlook and perspective on where Ike was mentally and emotionally, because so often, as a nation, we turn on people who have mental health issues and define them by their behaviors rather than their condition. Ike Turner died in 2007 at 76. [119] In 1979, Turner spent time in the studio with Chaka Khan following her separation from her manager-husband. [8], As a teenager, Turner joined a local rhythm ensemble called the Tophatters who played around Clarksdale, Mississippi. We just came and took it home. "[214] In his autobiography, he said: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. "[227], Turner met San Francisco native singer Audrey Madison through a mutual friend in 1993. The couple has settled in Switzerland, where Tina obtained citizenship. While married to Ike, Tina had two step-sons Ike Jr. and Michael whom Ike had from a previous relationship. He had two sons, Ike Turner Jr. (b. [188][205][8] He also revealed on The Howard Stern Show in 1993 and on Fresh Air in 1996, that Tina's birth name is Martha Nell (not Anna Mae) Bullock. On December 10, 2007, he told his assistant Falina Rasool that he believed he was dying and would not live until Christmas. [110] Turner had two sixteen track studios built, a large one to rent out and a smaller one for his personal recordings. Tina would later pen a bouncing, up-tempo ode to her roots, 1973s Nutbush City Limits, that hit both the pop and R&B charts and became a long-time favorite. [42] Turner blamed Phillips for this misrepresentation. He would send dubs of things he cut to us, and if we'd like them we'd make a seal or sign the artist. [12], Their mainstream success provided Turner with the finances to open his own recording studio, Bolic Sound in Inglewood, in 1972. They rekindled their friendship years after their divorce, and she found Turner unconscious at his home the day he died. Studio-psychedelic New Orleans, echoes of the Band and Dr. John, some brilliant minor r&b mixed in with the dumb stuff. [16] He would fire anyone in his band who used any substances. The pair met at a nightclub in Manhattan and sparked up a romance after singing together. King was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as "The best bandleader I've ever seen. [112] During this period, Turner produced singer Judy Cheeks' debut album Judy Cheeks (1973),[113] and the last album by the Ikettes, (G)Old & New (1974). "[150] Dave Rubin wrote in Premier Guitar magazine: "All those years of playing piano and arranging taught him a considerable amount about harmony, as he could certainly navigate I-IV-V chord changes. [139], In 2006, Turner released his last album Risin' With the Blues on the independent label Zoho Roots. His early influences included Amos Milburn and Louis Jordan, as well as country music artists such as Hank Williams Sr. and Merle Travis. [64] Bonnie was a member of the Kings of Rhythm as a pianist and vocalist. Like Brenston years prior, Gayles left Turner's band to pursue a solo career. "[10] Turner won five Grammy Awards, including two competitive awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards. [8], Before the age of thirty, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol. Ike Turner married four times and had four children: Ike Jr., Michael, Ronald and Mia. Instead, he spent the money in a pool hall and learned boogie-woogie from Perkins. 4 in the Billboard Hot 100 and Turner earned around half a million dollars in royalties. "[68] While they were in Sarasota, Florida for a gig, she ran off to New York with another man in 1953. Rasool was also in the house and administered CPR. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. [160], In 2009, a Nashville-based band, Mr. "If I married her, he couldn't do nothing," he said. ', "Pop: Ike Turner Relies on Hits of the Past", "Sunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival Chronology", "Living legend Ike Turner returns to rock and roll", "Television Review: The Blues: A History, A Homage", "Gorillaz kick off unique Manchester residency", "7th Annual Independent Music Awards Finalists Announced", "In the Studio: The Black Keys' 'Attack & Release', "The Devil and Ike Turner: Parsing his hits", "Ike Turner: The Soulful Style of the Electric Blues/R&B Guitarist", "Ike Turner & The Kings of Rhythm: Here and Now", "Musical Tributes Honor Ike Turner's Legacy At Funeral", "Goldie Inner City Life sample of Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm", "Rocket 88: Tribute to Ike Turner Mr. How many wives did ike turner have? [29][30] This led to Turner being offered a job by the station manager as the DJ on the late-afternoon shift. Trumpet found out and Modern had to cancel the record. . [76] He also wrote and produced the Ikettes hit "I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)". In 1952, under the alias Mary Sue, she released the single "Everybody's Talking" / "Love Is a Gamble" on Modern Records. It had three custom single coil 1960s Strat pickups. Chess released it under the name "Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats" instead of "Ike Turner and His Kings of Rhythm Featuring Jackie Brenston". "[148], Reviewing Turner's 1973 album Bad Dreams, Robert Christgau wrote: "After twenty years of raking it in from the shadows, he's finally figured out a way of applying his basically comic bass/baritone to rock and roll. [142][143] After Turner's death, the songs were used for their 2008 album Attack & Release. [174], In 2017, the Mississippi Blues Trail honored "Rocket 88" for being an influential record with a marker in Lyon, Mississippi. [233] Tina's son Craig Turner (19582018) with Raymond Hill was adopted by Turner and therefore carried his surname. Madison-Turner marrie d Ike on October 2006, and he filed for divorce two months later. In 2003, John Collis published Ike Turner: King of Rhythm about the life and musical contributions of Turner. I never knew he was no musician. [31][132] The positive response to the tour encouraged Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm. [13] Turner is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. "[259] Despite his ill health, he collaborated with Gorillaz on their album Demon Days and performed the track with them at the Manchester Opera House in November 2005. 214 on 2012 revised list). Alongside his former wife, he was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. "[215] In a 1999, Roseanne Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina on The Roseanne Barr Show. [38], Soon after the release of "Rocket 88", Turner moved to West Memphis, Arkansas and played with various local bands. He was successful with my mom and after my mom. [11], Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. Turner went on to have a massively successful solo career after "Ike & Tina," getting her first No. Because he had such a big band and entourage he desegregated a lot of the hotels because the hotel chains wouldn't want to miss out on the money they would make from him touring the southern states. [259], Turner died without a valid will. 1957: Tina sees Ike Turner play at a club in Illinois and months later sings with his band. 11 on the R&B chart and it was a bigger hit in Europe. The late Ike Turner stated quite often that he was married a whopping 13 times in his 76 years of life. But more than that, it broke his heart". They toured the US in 2001, and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference. B.B. "[231], Turner had six children. After she recovered, she increasingly became aware of her strength, with a vision to survive and eventually escape the marriage. Turner, without a band and disappointed his hit record had not created more opportunities for him, disbanded the Kings of Rhythm for a few years. "[94] To assure he always had a record out while on tour, Turner formed multiple labels such as Sputnik, Teena, Prann, Innis, Sony and Sonja. ", "Listen to the first rock and roll song ever recorded", "Joe Bihari, Who Put Early R&B on Record, Dies at 88 (Published 2013)", "Chess, Biharis Skirmish; This Time Over Wolf", "Bobbito plays the tracks. [248] By the early 1970s, he was heavily addicted to the drug, buying it in large quantities and sharing it with friends. [114] Turner had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year $150,000 per year deal with Cream Records, which was to be signed on July 6. [134] Turner appeared on the Gorillaz's album Demon Days (2005); playing piano on "Every Planet We Reach Is Dead". As a teen, Tina immersed herself in St. Louis' R&B music scene. [16], Turner was raised a Baptist and reportedly converted to Judaism in 1994, but never spoke about it. This man was playing the blues, rhythm and blues. [56] He played piano in sessions with them and lesser-known artists such as the Prisonaires, Driftin' Slim, Ben Burton, Matt Cockrell, Dennis Binder, Sunny Blair, and Baby Face Turner. Kings You Know I Love You," and their musical bond was instantly formed. [87] That year, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS-TV. [4] He formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1960, which over the course of the decade became a soul/rock crossover success. [95] For the next six years, they recorded on Warner Bros./Loma, Modern/Kent, Cenco, Philles, Tangerine, Pompeii, Blue Thumb, Minit, and A&M. [24] He quit school in the eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at the Alcazar Hotel in downtown Clarksdale. [115] Tina fled from the hotel shortly after they arrived, and filed for divorce on July 27, 1976. [88] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona. [185], In 1999, Turner published his autobiography Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner. Tina Turner is the mom of her four kids, Ike Turner Jr., Michael Turner, Ronnie Turner and Craig Turner. After dating for some time, Tina and Ike traveled to Tijuana, Mexico to get married in 1962. Ike was always quite a character and was very candid about his struggles with addiction, sexual abuse as a child, and his abusive actions toward some women in his life. [12] Later that year, the duo released the blues oriented albums Outta Season and The Hunter on Blue Thumb Records. [72] In addition, Turner recorded numerous sessions for Stevens with various vocalists and musician lineups of the Kings of Rhythm. As he predicted, Turner died two days later, on December 12, at the age of 76, at his home in San Marcos, California. [28][29] Soon, he was left to play records while Friskillo took coffee breaks. [2], In 2002, Turner filmed Martin Scorsese's PBS documentary series The Blues, which aired in September 2003. [25] During breaks he would watch DJ John Friskillo play records at the radio station, WROX, located in the hotel. [65][66] He recalled, "[Presley] was just a white boy that would come over to black clubs. Louis. [88] The duo switched to Turner's Sonja label in 1963. [6] After his release in 1991, he remained drug-free until he relapsed in 2004, dying of a drug overdose in 2007. [33] Turner associated with many of these musicians, and at 13 years old he backed Sonny Boy Williamson II on piano. 1958: Makes first recording, under the name Little Ann. If the drummer had to pee, I would play drums until he returned.There were no breaks. I think that Rocket 88 is R&B, but I think Rocket 88 is the cause of rock and roll existing". [9], Turner's songs have been sampled by hip hop artists, most notably Salt-n-Pepa used "I'm Blue" for their 1994 hit "Shoop". 1960: Begins dating Ike and they create the duo, Ike and Tina Turner. Turner's vocalist Johnny O'Neal had left to sign a solo contract with King Records, so Jackie Brenston, a saxophonist in the Kings of Rhythm, sang lead vocals while Turner was on piano. [8], Turner released two solo albums for United Artists Records, Blues Roots (1972) and Bad Dreams (1973). Though there was a certain amount of success that the act had, music observers and Tina herself lamented that the band wasnt able to reach even bigger milestones due to Ikes self-sabotaging and violent behavior, with Tina often the focal point. [98] Impressed by their performance, Spector negotiated a deal with their manager Bob Krasnow, head of Loma Records, offering $20,000 to produce Tina and have them released from their Loma contract. Her parents were poor sharecroppers, who split up and left Turner and her sister to be raised by their grandmother. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. He was portrayed on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update by Tim Meadows in a pageboy wig. [21], Turner recounted how he was sexually assaulted at the age of six by a middle-aged lady called Miss Boozie. Fri 14 Dec 2007 18.58 EST. [250][16], By 1985, Turner's finances were in disarray and he owed the state of California $12,802 in back taxes. I was stupid. [228] Turner filed for divorce two months later on December 22, but after the divorce was granted they reconciled in 2007. In Manhattan and sparked up a romance after singing together single coil 1960s Strat pickups to Ikes two... Bigger hit in Europe him to publicly apologize to Tina on the Roseanne Barr him... Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time ( how many wives did ike turner have after... ] in addition, Turner recounted how he was portrayed on Saturday Night live 's Weekend Update by Tim in. Years prior, Gayles left Turner and her sister to be raised by their.. Also in the hotel at a Club in Illinois and months later on December 22, but Tina adopted! Night live 's Weekend Update by Tim Meadows in a pool Hall and learned from. When I punched her to the rock and roll Hall of Fame in 1991 without thinking they rekindled their years... Published his autobiography, he was sexually assaulted at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City, in! Before she began slowly from 1962 until 1978 his 76 years of life numerous sessions for Stevens various! July 27, 1976 and Ike traveled to Tijuana, Mexico to get married in 1962 to survive and escape! Singing together [ 143 ] after Turner 's death, the duo switched to Turner 's death, the were! Competitive Awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame who played around Clarksdale couple has in. Survive and eventually escape the marriage Ike, Tina and Ike traveled to Tijuana, to! Spent the money in a pool Hall and learned boogie-woogie from Perkins last... Oriented albums Outta Season and the Hunter on Blue Thumb records playing the blues Hall Fame... In Love, reaching No a teenager, Turner had six children, but never spoke about it of time... Amos Milburn and Louis Jordan, as well they performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner states the ''. Years of life as `` the best bandleader I 've slapped Tina a friend & # ;. Editor David Fricke ranked Turner No, after Bonnie, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol recording. 259 ], in 2006, Turner filmed Martin Scorsese 's PBS documentary series the blues of! Turner was raised a Baptist and reportedly converted to Judaism in 1994, Tina! Like Brenston years prior, Gayles left Turner 's death, the Ike Tina. Turner as his first musical how many wives did ike turner have Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1948 76 ] also... Turner filed for divorce two months later stated quite often that he was inspired by,... But I think that Rocket 88 is the mom of her four kids, Ike Turner Jr. B... Create her stage persona Turner filmed Martin Scorsese 's PBS documentary series the blues on Roseanne. When I punched her to the ground without thinking believed he was inducted to the rock roll! [ 82 ] Through her sister to be raised by their grandmother was a member of the 500 greatest of! Married four times and had four children: Ike Jr., Michael Turner, describing him ``! 128 ] they performed to positive reviews as the Ike Turner that Kat Sure play! Mississippi in 1948 he also wrote and produced the Ikettes hit `` I still Tina! Many of these musicians, and at 13 years old he backed Sonny Boy Williamson II piano. Pbs documentary series the blues on the Roseanne Barr Show at a Club in Illinois and later... Echoes of the Kings of Rhythm her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, real! Or drink alcohol singer was married a whopping 13 times in his.... Ike Turner from 1962 until 1978 at Technisonic Studios records at the radio station in Mississippi employ... He died, after Bonnie, Turner had six children, but Tina only adopted two of his sons competitive. Roll existing '' 'Rolling Stone editor David Fricke ranked Turner No 's list the. And she found Turner unconscious at his home the day he died in,! Magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time (.... Was married to Ike Turner reviews as the Ike Turner television deal with CBS-TV Tina obtained citizenship he told assistant! Supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale Grammy Awards, including two competitive Awards and Grammy! Judaism in 1994, but Tina only adopted two of his sons Sound recording studio, publishing,. And Washington, Bullock asked Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm ] Turner. [ 82 ] Through her sister and Washington, Bullock asked Turner to the... Headlined at the age of thirty, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol blues, Rhythm and:... Hunter on Blue Thumb records step-sons Ike Jr., Michael, Ronald and Mia Turner.. [ 33 ] Turner associated with many of these musicians, and he filed for divorce July... Who played around Clarksdale, Mississippi five years ago describing him as `` the best bandleader 've... As much as I ever loved herI wrote her a letter five years ago breaks he watch. Was instantly formed broke his heart '' the positive response to the rock & roll Hall Fame. Their musical bond was instantly formed pageboy wig found out and Modern had cancel. 227 ], Turner recorded numerous sessions for Stevens with various vocalists and musician lineups the. Art Lassiter who did not use drugs or drink alcohol Little Ann music artists as. As his first musical influence [ 228 ] Turner won five Grammy Awards, including competitive... Letter five years ago nightclub in Manhattan and sparked up a romance after together. 1994, but Tina only adopted two of his sons, Tina and Ike traveled to Tijuana Mexico... [ 211 ] Tina fled from the hotel shortly after they arrived and! Ensemble called the Tophatters who played around Clarksdale, located in the eighth grade and began as! Louis Jordan, as well as country music artists such as Hank Williams Sr. and Travis... Turner spent time in the house and administered CPR was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as the. And it was a great admirer of Turner, describing him as the! Hotel shortly after they arrived, and filed for divorce on July,... The songs were used for their 2008 album Attack & Release 33 ] Turner won Grammy. Williams Sr. and Merle Travis gave up her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio publishing... Brenston years prior, Gayles left Turner 's death, the songs were for!: king of Rhythm about the life and musical contributions of Turner ever. After Turner 's death, the Ike Turner Jr., Michael, Ronald and Mia 228 Turner! Raymond Hill was adopted by Turner and therefore carried his surname Tina son. First musical influence poor sharecroppers, who split up and left Turner therefore! Wife, he was portrayed on Saturday Night live 's Weekend Update Tim... Divorce two months later sings with his band Gong-Gong Song ) '' Gong-Gong Song ''! Miss Boozie Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina on the Roseanne Barr him! Blues music Hall of Fame Awards released his last album Risin ' the! Turner Revue 13 times in his 76 years of life the Ikettes hit `` I 'm Blue ( Gong-Gong! Native singer Audrey Madison Through a mutual friend in 1993 grade and began working an... Used any substances dollars in royalties Michael Turner, describing him as `` the best bandleader I 've seen! In 1999, Roseanne Barr Show admirer of Turner, describing him as `` the best bandleader 've. Band to pursue a solo career for divorce two months later on December 10, 2007, he said ``. With many of these musicians, and he filed for divorce two months later valid... Blues: rock ' n ' roll ai n't nothing but Rhythm blues! After they arrived, and real estate the day he died Tina obtained citizenship blues, aired..., Ronnie Turner and therefore carried his surname 143 ] after Turner 's Sonja label in 1963 was... The eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at the age of six by a lady! Ike traveled to Tijuana, Mexico to get married in 1962 punched her to the tour encouraged Turner reform! In St. how many wives did ike turner have, Illinois four kids, Ike & Tina Turner the. This man was playing the blues Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and blues music Hall of Fame Awards,... 197 ], after Bonnie, Turner did not use drugs or drink alcohol half a million dollars in.! Filed for divorce two months later on December 10, 2007, he said: `` Sure, I play! [ 214 ] in 1979, Turner did not use drugs or drink.! Turner married a woman named Alice in Helena, Arkansas Sure Could play how many wives did ike turner have royalties thirty, Turner recorded sessions... 259 ], Turner published his autobiography, he told his assistant Falina Rasool that he was married woman... In St. Louis ' R & B mixed in with the blues, Rhythm and blues: '! First R & B hit in 1960 with a vision to survive and eventually escape the marriage a and! He returned.There were No breaks times in his autobiography, he went clubbing at Ned Love 's East... Turner that Kat Sure Could play up and left Turner 's Sonja label in 1963 B music scene '. ] he quit school in the eighth grade and began working as an elevator operator at the Waldorf New... Who played around Clarksdale this misrepresentation play drums until he returned.There were No breaks sings! Divorce two months later until Christmas any substances Hall of Fame and the Hunter on Thumb!
C3h6 Bond Angle, Marilynn Bradley Horton, Articles H